Addressing锛堝鍧€锛?¶
鎵╁睍 Routing¶
鍒扮洰鍓嶄负姝紝鎴戜滑鐨?forwarding table 涓烘瘡涓?destination 淇濆瓨涓€鏉?entry銆傝繖鏃犳硶鎵╁睍鍒版暣涓?Internet銆?
濡傛灉鎴戜滑鍦ㄦ暣涓?Internet 涓婅繍琛?distance-vector锛屽氨蹇呴』涓?Internet 涓婄殑姣忎釜 host 鍙戦€佷竴鏉?announcement銆傚鏋滄垜浠湪鏁翠釜 Internet 涓婅繍琛?link-state锛屾瘡涓?router 閮藉繀椤荤煡閬撳畬鏁寸殑 Internet network graph銆傛棤璁哄摢绉嶆儏鍐碉紝鍙鏈変换浣?host 鍔犲叆鎴栫寮€ Internet锛屾垜浠兘蹇呴』閲嶆柊璁＄畻锛屼娇 network converge 鍒版柊鐨?routing state銆?
璁?routing 鑳藉鎵╁睍鐨勫叧閿紝鍦ㄤ簬鎴戜滑濡備綍涓?host 缂栧潃銆傚埌鐩墠涓烘锛屾垜浠竴鐩寸敤鏌愪釜鍚嶅瓧绉板懠姣忎釜 host 鍜?router锛堜緥濡?R1銆丷2銆丄銆丅锛夛紝浣嗗湪瀹炶返涓紝鎴戜滑浼氫娇鐢ㄦ洿鑱槑鐨?addressing scheme銆?
IP Addressing¶
鍥炲繂閭斂绯荤粺绫绘瘮锛氫笉鍚屽満鏅細浣跨敤涓嶅悓鐨勫湴鍧€鏂规銆傞偖閫掑憳浣跨敤绫讳技 2551 Hearst Ave. 鐨勮閬撳湴鍧€锛涙ゼ閲岀殑绉樹功浣跨敤绫讳技 413 Soda Hall 鐨勬埧闂村彿銆傚湴鍧€閫氬父浼氫互鏌愮缁撴瀯鍖栨柟寮忓垎閰嶃€備緥濡傦紝涓夋ゼ鐨勬埧闂村彿閮戒互鏁板瓧 3 寮€澶达紝鍥涙ゼ鐨勬埧闂村彿閮戒互鏁板瓧 4 寮€澶淬€? 鍜岄偖鏀跨郴缁熶竴鏍凤紝Internet 鍦ㄦ瘡涓€灞備娇鐢ㄤ笉鍚岀殑 addressing scheme銆傛湰鑺傚叧娉?IP address锛屽畠鍙互鐢ㄤ簬 Layer 3 鐨?routing銆? Network 涓婄殑姣忎釜 host锛堜緥濡備綘鐨勭數鑴戙€丟oogle 鐨勬湇鍔″櫒锛夐兘浼氳鍒嗛厤涓€涓?IP address銆傚湪鏈妭涓紝浣犲彲浠ュ亣璁炬瘡涓?host 閮芥湁鍞竴鐨?IP address銆? *IP address锛圛P 鍦板潃锛? 鏄竴涓敮涓€鏍囪瘑 host 鐨勬暟瀛椼€傚拰閭斂绯荤粺涓€鏍凤紝杩欎釜鏁板瓧鐨勯€夋嫨浼氬寘鍚竴浜涘叧浜?host 浣嶇疆鐨勪笂涓嬫枃淇℃伅銆? 娉ㄦ剰锛孖P address 涓嶄竴瀹氭槸闈欐€佺殑銆傚湪绫绘瘮涓紝濡傛灉浣犳惉鍒板彟涓€鏍嬫埧瀛愶紝浣犵殑鍦板潃浼氭敼鍙樸€傜被浼煎湴锛屽鏋滀綘鐨勭數鑴戠Щ鍔ㄥ埌鍙︿竴涓綅缃紝瀹冨姞鍏?network 鏃跺彲鑳戒細琚垎閰嶄竴涓笉鍚岀殑 IP address锛堣€屾棫 IP address 鏈€缁堜細 expire锛夈€? IP address 鐨勯暱搴﹀彇鍐充簬浣跨敤鐨?IP 鐗堟湰銆侷Pv4 address 鏄?32 bits锛孖Pv6 address 鏄?128 bits銆備袱涓増鏈殑 routing 姒傚康绫讳技锛屼絾鍙鍙兘锛屾垜浠細浣跨敤 IPv4锛屽洜涓鸿緝鐭殑鍦板潃鏇村鏄撻槄璇汇€?
Hierarchical Addressing¶
鍥炲繂涓€涓嬶紝Internet 鏄綉缁滅殑缃戠粶銆備笘鐣屼笂鏈夎澶?local network锛屾垜浠€氳繃鍦?local network 涔嬮棿娣诲姞 link 鏉ュ舰鎴愭洿澶х殑 Internet銆傝繖缁欎簡鎴戜滑涓€绉嶈嚜鐒剁殑 hierarchy锛屽彲浠ョ敤鏉ョ粍缁?addressing scheme銆?
涓嬮潰鏄竴寮犵洿瑙傜殑 addressing 鍥俱€傛垜浠彲浠ョ粰姣忎釜 network 鍒嗛厤涓€涓暟瀛椼€傜劧鍚庯紝鍦?network 3 鍐呴儴锛屾垜浠彲浠ュ垎閰?host number 3.1銆?.2銆?.3 绛夛紱鍏朵粬 network 涓殑 host 涔熺被浼笺€?
鐜板湪锛岃€冭檻 router R9 涓殑 forwarding table銆備互鍓嶏紝鎴戜滑浼氫负 network 1 涓殑姣忎釜 host 閮戒繚瀛樹竴鏉?entry锛岃€屼笖瀹冧滑鐨?next hop 閮芥槸 R6銆傛湁浜?hierarchical addressing锛屾垜浠彲浠ユ敼鐢ㄤ竴鏉?entry 琛ㄧず鏁翠釜 local network锛氭墍鏈?1. address锛堝叾涓? 琛ㄧず浠绘剰鏁板瓧锛夌殑 next hop 閮芥槸 R6銆傛垜浠篃鍙互璇存墍鏈?2.* address 鐨?next hop 閮芥槸 R8銆?
杩欑浣跨敤 wildcard match 鏉ユ眹鎬?route 鐨?hierarchical model锛屼細璁?forwarding table 鏇村皬銆?
姝ゅ锛岃繖绉嶆ā鍨嬭繕浼氳 table 鏇寸ǔ瀹氥€?
濡傛灉 network 1 鍐呴儴鐨?topology 鏀瑰彉锛屾垜浠笉闇€瑕佹洿鏂?R9 鐨?forwarding table锛堜篃涓嶉渶瑕佹洿鏂板叾浠?network 涓殑 table锛夈€傚疄璺典腑锛宭ocal network 鍐呴儴鐨勫彉鍖栵紙渚嬪鏈夋柊 host 鍔犲叆 network锛夊彂鐢熷緱姣?network 涔嬮棿鐨勫彉鍖栵紙渚嬪鏂伴摵璁惧湴涓嬬數缂嗭級棰戠箒寰楀锛屾墍浠?local change 鍙奖鍝?local table 鏄竴浠跺ソ浜嬨€?
鏇翠竴鑸湴璇达紝鎴戜滑鐨?address 鏈変袱涓儴鍒嗭細network ID 鍜?host ID銆傝繖璁?inter-domain routing protocol 鍙互涓撴敞浜?network ID锛岀敤鏉ュ鎵?network 涔嬮棿鐨?route锛涗篃璁?intra-domain routing protocol 鍙互涓撴敞浜?host ID锛岀敤鏉ュ鎵?network 鍐呴儴鐨?route銆傞殢鐫€ network 鍙樺寲锛岃繖涔熻 routing protocol 鏇寸ǔ瀹氥€侷nter-domain protocol 涓嶅叧蹇?network 鍐呴儴鐨勫彉鍖栵紝intra-domain protocol 涔熶笉鍏冲績鍏朵粬 network 涓殑鍙樺寲銆?
娉ㄦ剰锛孯9 鐨?forwarding table 浠嶇劧闇€瑕佷负鑷繁鎵€鍦?network锛堜篃灏辨槸 network 2锛夊唴閮ㄧ殑姣忎釜鍗曠嫭 host 淇濆瓨 entry銆? 绫讳技鍦帮紝R4 鏄竴涓病鏈夎繛鎺ュ埌鍏朵粬 network 鐨?internal router锛屽畠鏃㈤渶瑕?network 3 鍐呴儴姣忎釜鍗曠嫭 host 鐨?entry锛屼篃闇€瑕佸叾浠?network 鐨?aggregated entry锛堜緥濡?2.* 鐨?next hop 鏄?R9锛夈€侳orwarding table 鐨勮妯″彇鍐充簬鍚屼竴涓?network 鍐呴儴 host 鐨勬暟閲忥紝鍔犱笂澶栭儴 network 鐨勬暟閲忋€?
Default Route¶
鐜板湪鎴戜滑鐭ラ亾锛宔ntry 鍙互琛ㄧず鏁翠釜 address range锛岃€屼笉涓€瀹氭€绘槸琛ㄧず鍗曚釜 address銆傛垜浠彲浠ヨ繘涓€姝ユ墿灞曡繖涓兂娉曟潵鎻愬崌鎵╁睍鎬с€?
鑰冭檻 R4銆傚畠涓烘瘡涓?external network锛?.*銆?.* 鍜?4.*锛夐兘鏈変竴鏉?entry锛岃€屼笖瀹冧滑鐨?next hop 閮芥槸 R9銆傛垜浠彲浠ユ妸鎵€鏈?external network 鑱氬悎鎴愪竴鏉?entry銆傛垜浠粛鐒朵細涓烘瘡涓?internal host锛?.1銆?.2 绛夛級淇濈暀 entry锛屼絾鏈€鍚庡啀鍐欎竴鏉¤鍒欙細瀵逛簬鎵€鏈変笉鍦?forwarding table 涓殑鍏朵粬 host锛宯ext hop 鏄?R9銆?
鍦?R2 涓婏紝鎴戜滑鍙互浣跨敤鏇存縺杩涚殑 aggregation銆傚悓鏍凤紝鎵€鏈?external network 鐨?next hop 閮芥槸 R3銆備絾鏄紝2.1銆?.2銆?.3銆?.6 鍜?2.7 鐨?next hop 涔熸槸 R3銆傚洜姝わ紝forwarding table 鍙渶瑕佷负 2.4 鍜?2.5 淇濈暀 static entry銆傜劧鍚庢垜浠彲浠ヨ锛屽浜庢墍鏈変笉鍦?forwarding table 涓殑鍏朵粬 host锛堝寘鎷竴浜?internal host 鍜屼竴浜?external host锛夛紝next hop 閮芥槸 R3銆? 涓轰簡琛ㄧず table 涓病鏈夊垪鍑虹殑鎵€鏈?host锛屾垜浠彲浠ヤ娇鐢?wildcard .锛屽畠浼氬尮閰嶆墍鏈夊唴瀹广€傚綋鍚戠粰瀹?destination 杞彂鏃讹紝router 浼氬厛妫€鏌?specific host锛堜緥濡?3.1锛夋垨 range锛堜緥濡?2.锛夋槸鍚﹀尮閰嶃€傚鏋?router 鎵句笉鍒颁换浣曞尮閰嶉」锛屾渶缁堜細鍖归厤 . wildcard銆傝繖绉颁负 default route锛堥粯璁よ矾鐢憋級*銆? 澶у鏁?host 鍙湁涓€鏉?hard-coded default route銆備緥濡傦紝host 2.4 鐨?forwarding table 鍙湁涓€鏉?entry锛岃〃绀烘墍鏈夊唴瀹归兘鍙戦€佺粰 R2銆傚疄璺典腑锛屼綘鐨勫鐢ㄧ數鑴戜篃鍙湁涓€鏉?entry锛岃〃绀烘墍鏈夊唴瀹归兘鍙戦€佺粰瀹堕噷鐨?router銆傝繖灏辨槸 host 涓嶉渶瑕佸弬涓?routing protocol 鐨勫師鍥犮€?
鍒嗛厤 Hierarchical IP Address锛氭棭鏈?Internet¶
涓轰簡鑾峰緱鏇村彲鎵╁睍鐨?routing锛屾垜浠渶瑕佷互鏌愮 hierarchical way 鍒嗛厤 address銆傝繖浜?address 闇€瑕佸寘鍚竴浜涗綅缃俊鎭紙渚嬪浣嶇疆鐩歌繎鐨?host 闇€瑕佸叡浜?address 鐨勪竴閮ㄥ垎锛夈€?
鍦ㄦ棭鏈?Internet 涓紝IPv4 address 鍜屽墠闈㈢殑鐩磋鐗堟湰涓€鏍凤紝鏈変竴涓?8-bit network ID 鍜屼竴涓?24-bit host ID銆?
渚嬪锛孉T&T 鐨?network ID 鏄?12锛孉pple 鐨?network ID 鏄?17锛岃€岀編鍥藉浗闃查儴鏈?13 涓笉鍚岀殑 network ID銆? 8-bit network ID 鎰忓懗鐫€鎴戜滑鍙兘鍒嗛厤 256 涓笉鍚岀殑 network ID锛屼絾鐜板疄涓紝鍙兘杩愯鑷繁 local network 鐨勭粍缁囪繙杩滆秴杩?256 涓€傚彟澶栵紝24-bit host ID 鎰忓懗鐫€姣忎釜 network 閮藉緱鍒?2\^24 = 16,777,216 涓?address銆備竴涓皬 network锛堜緥濡傚彧鏈?10 鍚嶅憳宸ョ殑鍏徃锛夊ぇ姒備笉闇€瑕?1600 涓囦釜 address銆傞殢鐫€ Internet 鍙樺ぇ锛屾垜浠渶瑕佷竴绉嶆柊鐨?addressing 鏂规硶銆?
鍒嗛厤 Hierarchical IP Address锛欳lassful Addressing¶
绗竴娆′慨澶嶅皾璇曟槸 *classful addressing锛堝垎绫诲鍧€锛?锛屽畠鏍规嵁闇€姹傚垎閰嶄笉鍚屽ぇ灏忕殑 network銆傚湪杩欑鏂规硶涓紝鏈?3 绫?address锛屾瘡绫诲垎閰嶇粰 network ID 鍜?host ID 鐨?bit 鏁颁笉鍚屻€傛渶鍓嶉潰鐨?1-3 bits 鏍囪瘑姝ｅ湪浣跨敤鍝竴绫汇€?
Class A address 浠?leading bit 0 寮€澶淬€傛帴涓嬫潵鐨?7 bits 鏄?network ID锛?28 涓?network锛夛紝鍐嶆帴涓嬫潵鐨?24 bits 鏄?host ID锛?600 涓囦釜 host锛夈€? Class B address 浠?leading bits 10 寮€澶淬€傛帴涓嬫潵鐨?14 bits 鏄?network ID锛?6000 涓?network锛夛紝鍐嶆帴涓嬫潵鐨?16 bits 鏄?host ID锛?5000 涓?host锛夈€? Class C address 浠?leading bits 110 寮€澶淬€傛帴涓嬫潵鐨?21 bits 鏄?network ID锛?00 涓囦釜 network锛夛紝鍐嶆帴涓嬫潵鐨?8 bits 鏄?host ID锛?56 涓?host锛夈€? 鍦ㄨ繖绉嶆柟娉曚腑锛屾垜浠幇鍦ㄥ彲浠ユ嫢鏈?200 涓?+ 16000 + 128 涓笉鍚岀殑 local network銆傛嫢鏈夋洿澶?host 鐨勫ぇ鍨嬬粍缁囧彲浠ヨ幏寰?Class A network锛岃緝灏忕粍缁囧彲浠ヨ幏寰?Class B 鎴?Class C network銆傚拰涔嬪墠涓€鏍凤紝鍦ㄥ崟涓?network 鍐呴儴锛宭eading class bit(s) 鍜?network ID bits 閮界浉鍚岋紝姣忎釜 host 鑾峰緱涓嶅悓鐨?host ID銆? Classful addressing 鐨勪竴涓富瑕侀棶棰樻槸姣忎竴绫荤殑澶у皬銆侰lass A锛?600 涓囦釜 host锛夊澶у鏁扮粍缁囨潵璇村お澶э紝鑰?Class C锛?56 涓?host锛夊澶у鏁扮粍缁囨潵璇村お灏忋€傜粨鏋滄槸锛屽ぇ澶氭暟 network 閮介渶瑕佽惤鍦?Class B銆? 涓嶅垢鐨勬槸锛孋lass B network ID 鍙湁 16000 涓€傚埌 1994 骞达紝鎴戜滑宸茬粡蹇敤瀹?Class B network 浜嗐€傚洜姝わ紝鍙堥渶瑕佷竴绉嶆柊鐨?addressing 鏂规硶銆? 娉ㄦ剰锛氬湪鐜颁唬 Internet 涓紝classful addressing 宸茬粡杩囨椂銆? 娉ㄦ剰锛氫弗鏍兼潵璇达紝姣忎釜 network 涓殑 host 鏁伴噺瑕佸皯 2 涓紝鍥犱负鍏?0 address 鍜屽叏 1 address 琚繚鐣欑敤浜庣壒娈婄洰鐨勩€備緥濡傦紝鍦?Class C 涓紝姣忎釜 network 瀹為檯涓婃湁 254 涓?host锛岃€屼笉鏄?256 涓€?
鍒嗛厤 Hierarchical IP Address锛欳IDR¶
鎴戜滑鐨勭涓夌 hierarchical addressing 鏂规硶锛屼篃鏄幇浠?Internet 浠嶅湪浣跨敤鐨勬柟娉曪紝鏄?CIDR锛圕lassless Inter-Domain Routing锛夈€傚湪 CIDR 涓紝鎴戜滑浠嶇劧浣跨敤鍙彉闀垮害鐨?network ID锛屼絾涓嶅啀鍙湁 3 绉嶄笉鍚岀殑 network ID 闀垮害锛圕lass A銆丅銆丆锛夛紝鑰屾槸璁╁浐瀹?bit 鐨勬暟閲忎换鎰忓彲鍙樸€? 渚嬪锛岃€冭檻鍓嶉潰閭ｅ鍙湁 10 鍚嶅憳宸ョ殑灏忓叕鍙搞€傚湪 classful addressing 涓紝瀹冧細寰楀埌涓€涓?Class C network锛屼篃灏辨槸 256 涓?host address銆傚鏋滃畠鍙渶瑕?10 涓?host address锛屾垜浠彲浠ョ粰瀹冩洿闀跨殑 network ID锛屼粠鑰屽垎閰嶆洿灏戠殑 address銆? 濡傛灉鍒嗛厤 28-bit network ID锛宧ost ID 灏辨槸 4 bits锛?6 涓彲鑳界殑 address锛夈€傚鏋滃垎閰?29-bit network ID锛宧ost ID 灏辨槸 3 bits锛? 涓彲鑳界殑 address锛夈€傛垜浠棤娉曠簿纭垎閰?10 涓?address锛屼絾 28-bit network ID 宸茬粡瓒冲杩欏鍏徃浣跨敤銆傝繖閲屼細鏈変竴鐐规氮璐癸紙6 涓湭浣跨敤 address锛夛紝浣嗕粛鐒惰繙濂戒簬鍒嗛厤 256 涓?address銆? 鍐嶄妇涓€涓緥瀛愶紝鑰冭檻涓€涓渶瑕?450 涓?host address 鐨勭粍缁囥€傚湪 classful addressing 涓紝Class C锛?56 涓?address锛変笉澶燂紝鎵€浠ュ畠浼氭敹鍒颁竴涓?Class B network锛屾嫢鏈?65000 涓?host address锛屽叾涓ぇ澶氭暟 address 閮戒笉浼氳浣跨敤銆傛湁浜嗕换鎰忛暱搴︾殑 network ID锛屾垜浠彲浠ュ垎閰?23-bit network ID锛岀暀涓?9 bits 鐢ㄤ簬 host addressing锛?12 涓?address锛夈€傝繖鑳芥弧瓒崇粍缁囬渶姹傦紝骞舵氮璐瑰皯寰楀鐨?address銆?
澶氬眰 Hierarchical Assignment¶
鐜板疄涓殑 hierarchy 鍙互鏈夊緢澶氬眰銆備緥濡傦紝鍦ㄤ竴涓?network 鍐呴儴锛岀粍缁囧彲浠ラ€夋嫨鎶婄壒瀹?address range 鍒嗛厤缁欑壒瀹?sub-organization锛堜緥濡傚叕鍙告垨澶у閲岀殑閮ㄩ棬锛夈€?
瀹炶返涓紝鎴戜滑浼氬埄鐢ㄧ幇瀹炰笘鐣屼腑澶氬眰鐨勭粍缁囧拰鍦扮悊 hierarchy 鏉ュ垎閰?address銆侷CANN锛圛nternet Corporation for Names and Numbers锛夋槸鎷ユ湁鎵€鏈?IP address 鐨勫叏鐞冪粍缁囥€?
ICANN 浼氭妸 address block 鍙戠粰 Regional Internet Registry锛圧IR锛夛紝姣忎釜 RIR 浠ｈ〃鐗瑰畾鍥藉鎴栧ぇ闄嗐€備緥濡傦紝RIPE 鑾峰緱娆х洘鐨勬墍鏈?address锛孉RIN 鑾峰緱鍖楃編 address锛孉PNIC 鑾峰緱浜氭床/澶钩娲?address锛孡ACNIC 鑾峰緱鍗楃編 address锛孉FRINIC 鑾峰緱闈炴床 address銆備緥瀛愶細ICANN 鎶婃墍鏈変互 1101 寮€澶寸殑 address 缁?ARIN銆?
鐒跺悗锛屾瘡涓?RIR 浼氭妸鑷繁 range 鐨勪竴閮ㄥ垎鍒嗛厤缁欏ぇ鍨嬬粍缁囷紙渚嬪鍏徃銆佸ぇ瀛︼級鎴?ISP銆傝繖浜涚粍缁囨垨 ISP 绉颁负 Local Internet Registry銆備緥瀛愶細ARIN 鎺у埗鎵€鏈変互 1101 寮€澶寸殑 address锛屽苟鎶婃墍鏈変互 1101 11001 寮€澶寸殑 address 缁?AT&T銆?
鏈€鍚庯紝姣忎釜 local Internet registry 浼氭妸鍗曚釜 IP 鍒嗛厤缁欏叿浣?host銆備负浜嗗鍔?hierarchy锛宭ocal registry 涔熷彲浠ユ妸 IP range 鍒嗛厤缁欏皬缁勭粐锛屽皬缁勭粐鍐嶅垎閰嶅崟涓?IP銆?
鍦ㄦ瘡涓€灞傦紝棰濆鍥哄畾澶氬皯 bit 鍙栧喅浜庤鍒嗛厤澶氬皯 address銆備緥濡傦紝ARIN 鍙兘鎯崇粰 AT&T 800 涓囦釜 address锛屽苟璁＄畻鍑哄浐瀹?9 bits 浼氬緱鍒?800 涓囦釜 host address銆侫RIN 宸茬粡鍥哄畾浜?4 bits锛屾墍浠ュ畠鍐嶅浐瀹?5 bits锛屽苟鎶婃墍鏈変互杩?9 bits 寮€澶寸殑 address 鍒嗛厤缁?AT&T銆侫T&T 鎺ョ潃鍙兘鎶?prefix 1101 11001 110100010 缁?UC Berkeley锛屼粠鑰屾彁渚?16000 涓?address銆傞殢鐫€鎴戜滑鍚?sub-organization 鍒嗛厤 address锛屾洿澶?bit 浼氳鍥哄畾锛屽苟涓斿缁堜繚鐣?parent organization 宸茬粡鍥哄畾鐨?bit銆?
IP Address 鍐欐硶¶
鎴戜滑鍙互鎶?IP address 鍐欐垚 32-bit 鐨?1 鍜?0 搴忓垪锛屼篃鍙互鍐欐垚涓€涓緢澶х殑鏁存暟銆傚疄璺典腑锛屼负浜嗗彲璇绘€э紝鎴戜滑鎶婃瘡涓€缁?8 bits 鍐欐垚涓€涓暣鏁帮紙鑼冨洿鏄?0 鍒?255锛夈€備緥濡傦紝IP address 00010001 00100010 10011110 00000101 鍙互鍐欐垚 17.34.158.5銆傝繖鏈夋椂绉颁负 dotted quad锛堢偣鍒嗗洓娈碉級 琛ㄧず娉曘€? 鍒扮洰鍓嶄负姝紝鎴戜滑涓€鐩存妸 address range 鍐欐垚 bit锛堜緥濡傛墍鏈変互 1101 寮€澶寸殑 IP锛夈€備负浜嗗啓鍑轰竴涓?address range锛屾垜浠彲浠ヤ娇鐢?slash notation锛堟枩鏉犺〃绀烘硶锛?銆傛垜浠厛鍐欏嚭鍥哄畾 prefix锛岀劧鍚庝负鎵€鏈夊墿浣欑殑鏈浐瀹?bit 鍐?0锛屽苟鎶婂緱鍒扮殑 32-bit 鍊艰浆鎹㈡垚 dotted quad IP address銆傜劧鍚庯紝鍦?slash 鍚庨潰鍐欏嚭鍥哄畾 bit 鐨勬暟閲忋€? 渚嬪锛屽鏋?prefix 鏄?11000000锛屾垜浠负鎵€鏈夋湭鍥哄畾 bit 娣诲姞 0锛屽緱鍒?11000000 00000000 00000000 00000000銆備綔涓?32-bit address锛屽畠鏄?192.0.0.0銆傜劧鍚庯紝鍥犱负鍥哄畾浜?8 bits锛屾垜浠妸杩欎釜 range 鍐欎綔 192.0.0.0/8銆? 濡傛灉瑕佹妸鍗曚釜 address 鍐欐垚 range锛屽彲浠ュ啓鎴愮被浼?192.168.1.1/32锛岃〃绀烘墍鏈?32 bits 閮藉浐瀹氥€傚彟澶栵紝default route .* 鍙互鍐欐垚 0.0.0.0/0銆? Slash notation 鏈夋椂鐪嬭捣鏉ユ湁鐐硅糠鎯戯紝鍥犱负鎴戜滑浣跨敤浠绘剰鐨?8-bit 鍒嗘锛屽苟鐢ㄥ崄杩涘埗鏁板瓧涔﹀啓銆備緥濡傦紝8-bit prefix 11000000 鍜?12-bit prefix 11000000 0000 閮戒細鍐欐垚 192.0.0.0/8 鍜?192.0.0.0/12锛堝悓涓€涓?IP address 琛ㄧず涓嶅悓 range锛夈€傚啀涓句竴涓緥瀛愶紝濡傛灉鎴戞嫢鏈?4-bit prefix 1100锛屽氨鍙互鍒嗛厤 5-bit prefix 11001銆備綔涓?range锛屽畠浠啓鎴?192.0.0.0/4 鍜?200.0.0.0/5銆備箥鐪嬩箣涓嬶紝寰堥毦鐪嬪嚭绗簩涓?range 瀹為檯涓婃槸绗竴涓?range 鐨勫瓙闆嗭紝蹇呴』鍐欏嚭 bit 鎵嶈兘纭銆? Slash notation 涓?slash锛堜緥濡?/16锛夌殑鍙︿竴绉嶆浛浠ｆ柟寮忔槸 netmask锛堢綉缁滄帺鐮侊級**銆傚拰 slash 鍚庨潰鐨勬暟瀛椾竴鏍凤紝netmask 鍛婅瘔鎴戜滑鍝簺 bit 鏄浐瀹氱殑銆備负浜嗗啓 netmask锛屾垜浠妸鎵€鏈夊浐瀹?bit 鍐欐垚 1锛屾墍鏈夋湭鍥哄畾 bit 鍐欐垚 0锛屽苟鎶婄粨鏋滆浆鎹㈡垚 dotted quad銆備緥濡傦紝濡傛灉 range 鏄?192.168.1.0/29锛屾垜浠彲浠ュ啓鍑?29 涓?1锛堝浐瀹?bit锛夊拰 3 涓?0锛堟湭鍥哄畾 bit锛夈€?1111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 鍐欐垚 dotted quad 鏄?255.255.255.248銆傜敤 netmask notation 琛ㄧず鏃讹紝杩欎釜 range 鏄?192.168.1.0锛宯etmask 鏄?255.255.255.248锛堢敤 netmask 鏇夸唬 slash锛夈€? 鍦ㄨ繖浜涜涔変腑锛屾垜浠€氬父浣跨敤 slash notation锛屽洜涓哄畠鏇存柟渚块槄璇汇€傚疄璺典腑锛宯etmask 涔熷緢鏈夌敤锛氱粰瀹氫竴涓叿浣?IP address锛屽鏋滀綘鍦?IP address 鍜?netmask 涔嬮棿鎵ц bitwise AND锛屾墍鏈?host bit 閮戒細琚竻闆讹紝鍙墿涓?network bit銆?
鐢?CIDR 鑱氬悎 Route¶
鍦ㄦ垜浠渶鍒濈殑 network ID 鍜?host ID 妯″瀷涓紝鍙互鎶婂悓涓€涓?network 鍐呴儴鐨勬墍鏈?host 鑱氬悎鎴?forwarding table 涓殑涓€鏉?route锛堜緥濡?2.* 琛ㄧず network 2 涓殑涓€鍒囷級銆?
澶氬眰 hierarchical addressing 鎰忓懗鐫€锛屾垜浠篃鍙互鎶婂涓?network 鑱氬悎鎴愪竴鏉?route銆?
鑰冭檻杩欏紶 network 鍥俱€傚湪鏈€鍒濈殑妯″瀷涓紝R6 闇€瑕佸垎鍒负 AT&T銆乁CB 鍜?Stanford 鍑嗗 forwarding entry銆?
鐒惰€岋紝濡傛灉浣跨敤 hierarchical addressing锛岄偅涔?UCB 鐨?range锛?.12.0.0/16锛夊拰 Stanford 鐨?range锛?.29.0.0/16锛夐兘鏄?AT&T 鐨?range锛?.0.0.0/8锛夌殑瀛愰泦銆傚鏋?AT&T 鎶婅繖浜?range 鍒嗛厤缁欒嚜宸辩殑涓嬫父瀹㈡埛 UCB 鍜?Stanford锛屽氨鍙兘鍑虹幇杩欑鎯呭喌銆? 鐜板湪锛孯6 鍙渶瑕佷竴鏉?entry 灏辫兘琛ㄧず AT&T銆乁CB 鍜?Stanford銆傛垜浠妸涓や釜杈冨皬鐨?range 鑱氬悎杩涗簡瀹冧滑鍏卞悓鎵€灞炵殑鏇村ぇ range銆?
Multi-Homing¶
鑱氬悎 range 骞朵笉鎬绘槸鏈夋晥銆傚亣璁炬垜浠坊鍔犱竴鏉′粠 R6 鐩存帴鍒?Stanford 鐨?link銆?
鑱氬悎鍚庣殑 route 璇达紝鎵€鏈夊彂寰€ AT&T锛堜互鍙婂畠鐨勪笅绾э級鐨?packet锛宯ext hop 閮芥槸 R2銆傛垜浠渶瑕佹坊鍔犱竴鏉￠澶?entry锛岃〃绀?Stanford 鐨?next hop 鏄?R7銆? 娉ㄦ剰锛屾垜浠殑 forwarding table 鐜板湪鏈変簡褰兼閲嶅彔鐨?range銆備竴涓?destination 鍙兘鍖归厤澶氫釜 range銆備负浜嗛€夋嫨 route锛屾垜浠細杩愯 *longest prefix matching锛堟渶闀垮墠缂€鍖归厤锛?锛屼篃灏辨槸浣跨敤涓?destination IP address 鍖归厤鐨勬渶鍏蜂綋 range銆備緥濡傦紝濡傛灉鏈変竴涓?packet 鍙戝線 UCM host锛屾垜浠細浣跨敤 UCM 涓撳睘 entry锛屽洜涓哄畠鏈夋洿闀跨殑 19-bit prefix銆傚嵆浣?9-bit AT&T entry 涔熷尮閰嶈繖涓?destination锛屽畠鐨?prefix 鏇寸煭锛屾墍浠ユ垜浠笉鐢ㄨ繖鏉?route銆? 濡傛灉鎴戜滑鏈変竴涓?packet 鍙戝線 UCB host锛屽氨涓嶈兘浣跨敤 Stanford 涓撳睘 entry锛屽洜涓?16-bit prefix 涓嶄細鍖归厤 UCB host銆備絾鎴戜滑浠嶇劧鍙互浣跨敤 8-bit AT&T entry锛屽畠浼氬尮閰嶈繖涓?destination銆?
IPv6 绠€鍙?¶
IPv4 address 鏄?32 bits锛岃繖鎰忓懗鐫€鎴戜滑澶х害鏈?40 浜夸釜鍙敤 address銆傝繖澶熷悧锛?
杩欏紶鍥惧睍绀轰簡姣忎釜 regional registry 闅忔椂闂村墿浣欑殑鏈垎閰?IP address 鏁伴噺锛坹 杞达級銆?
鍒?2017 骞达紝鎵€鏈変汉鍙敤鐨?address 閮藉皯浜庝竴涓?/8 block锛堜篃灏辨槸灏戜簬 2\^24 = 1600 涓囦釜 address锛夈€傛瘡涓?regional registry 閮戒繚鐣欎簡涓€涓鐢?/8 block锛屼互闃蹭竾涓€锛涗絾鍒?2017 骞达紝鎵€鏈変汉閮戒笉寰椾笉寮€濮嬩娇鐢ㄨ嚜宸辩殑澶囩敤 address銆傚埌 2021 骞达紝杩炲鐢?address 涔熷揩鐢ㄥ畬浜嗐€?
涓€涓皬鎻掓洸锛?011 骞?2 鏈堬紝鏈€鍚庝竴涓?/8 block 琚垎閰嶆椂锛岃繕涓捐浜嗕竴鍦虹嚎涓嬩华寮忥紝鐢氳嚦鍙戞斁浜嗙壒鍒殑绾歌川璇佷功銆?
闅忕潃 Internet 澧為暱锛屾垜浠紑濮嬫剰璇嗗埌 address 缁堟湁涓€澶╀細鑰楀敖銆傚垢杩愮殑鏄紝杩欎竴鐐瑰緢鏃╁氨琚剰璇嗗埌锛屼簬鏄?IPv6 鍦?1998 骞磋寮€鍙戝嚭鏉ワ紝鐢ㄦ潵搴斿 IP address exhaustion锛圛P 鍦板潃鑰楀敖锛夈€?
浠庢牴鏈笂璇达紝IPv6 鐨?addressing structure 涓?IPv4 鐩稿悓銆侷Pv6 闇€瑕佷竴浜涜緝灏忕殑瀹炵幇鏀瑰姩锛屼笉杩囪繖浜涗笌杩欓噷鐨勮璁烘棤鍏炽€?
IPv6 鐨勪富瑕佹柊鐗规€ф槸鏇撮暱鐨?address銆侷Pv6 address 闀?128 bits锛岃繖鎰忓懗鐫€澶х害鏈?\(3.4 \times 10^{38}\) 涓彲鑳界殑 address銆傝繖鏄竴涓ぉ鏂囨暟瀛楋紝鎵€浠ユ垜浠案杩滀笉浼氱敤瀹屻€傚畤瀹欑殑骞撮緞鏄?\(10^{21}\) 绉掞紝鎵€浠ュ嵆浣挎垜浠粰姣忎竴绉掗兘鍒嗛厤涓€涓?address锛屼篃鍙敤浜嗘墍鏈夊彲鐢?address 鐨?0.000000000000001%銆?
IPv6 寮€鍙戜簬 1990 骞翠唬锛屼絾骞舵病鏈夌珛鍒昏鎵€鏈夎绠楁満閲囩敤銆傚嵆浣垮湪 2010 骞达紝鍩烘湰涓婁篃娌′汉浣跨敤 IPv6銆傛埅鑷?2024 骞达紝绾?45% 鐨?end user 浣跨敤 IPv6锛岃€屼笖鍏朵腑澶у鏁扮敤鎴蜂綅浜?Internet 閲囩敤鐜囪緝楂樼殑鍙戣揪鍥藉銆侷Pv6 瓒婃潵瓒婂箍娉涢噰鐢ㄧ殑涓昏鍘熷洜锛屾槸 IPv4 address 姝ｅ湪鑰楀敖銆? 涓轰粈涔?IPv6 閲囩敤杩欎箞鎱紵鐢ㄦ埛銆佹湇鍔″櫒鍜?Internet 杩愯惀鑰呴兘蹇呴』鍗囩骇杞欢鍜岀‖浠讹紙渚嬪 router銆乴ink銆佽绠楁満涓婄殑 device driver锛夋潵鏀寔 IPv6銆俁outer 鐜板湪闇€瑕佷袱寮?forwarding table锛屼竴寮犵敤浜?IPv4 address锛屼竴寮犵敤浜?IPv6 address銆? IPv6 upgrade 蹇呴』淇濇寔 backward-compatible銆傚鏋滄煇涓湇鍔″櫒鍙湁 IPv6 address锛屼娇鐢ㄥ彧鏀寔 IPv4 鐨勬棫鐢佃剳鐨勭敤鎴峰氨鏃犳硶浣跨敤杩欎釜鏈嶅姟鍣ㄣ€侷Pv4 鍜?IPv6 鏈川涓婃槸褰兼鐙珛鐨?addressing system锛屾病鏈夊姙娉曞湪 IPv4 鍜?IPv6 address 涔嬮棿杞崲銆傛埅鑷?2024 骞达紝璁稿璁＄畻鏈轰粛鐒朵笉鏀寔 IPv6锛屽洜姝よ澶氭湇鍔￠渶瑕佸悓鏃舵敮鎸?IPv4 鍜?IPv6銆? 鍚屾椂鏀寔 IPv4 鍜?IPv6 鐨勮绠楁満杩樺繀椤昏€冭檻浣跨敤鍝竴涓€傛煇涓€涓竴瀹氭洿濂藉悧锛熷疄璺典腑锛孖Pv6 鏇村揩锛屼絾璁稿鍏朵粬瀹炵幇缁嗚妭涔熶細褰卞搷浣犵殑閫夋嫨銆?
IPv6 Address Notation¶
IPv6 address 閫氬父鐢ㄥ崄鍏繘鍒惰€屼笉鏄崄杩涘埗涔﹀啓銆備緥濡傦細
2001:0D08:CAFE:BEEF:DEAD:1234:5678:9012
杩欐槸涓€涓?IPv6 address锛?2 涓崄鍏繘鍒舵暟瀛?= 128 bits锛夈€備负浜嗗彲璇绘€э紝鎴戜滑鍦ㄦ瘡 4 涓崄鍏繘鍒舵暟瀛楋紙16 bits锛変箣闂村姞涓€涓啋鍙枫€? 涓轰簡鍙鎬э紝鎴戜滑鍙互鐪佺暐姣忎釜 4 浣嶅潡涓殑 leading zero銆備緥濡傦細
2001:0DB8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001
鍙互缂╃煭涓?2001:DB8:0:0:0:0:0:1銆? 涓轰簡鍙鎬э紝鎴戜滑杩樺彲浠ョ渷鐣ヤ竴闀夸覆 0锛屼緥濡?2001:DB8::1銆傚弻鍐掑彿琛ㄧず鎶婃墍鏈夌己澶辩殑 4 浣嶅潡閮藉～鎴?0000銆傛瘡涓?address 鍙兘杩欐牱鍋氫竴娆°€傦紙鐪佺暐涓ゆ range 浼氶€犳垚姝т箟锛屽洜涓烘垜浠笉鐭ラ亾姣忔搴旇濉灏戜釜 0銆傦級
Slash notation 鍦?IPv6 涓粛鐒跺彲浠ヤ娇鐢ㄣ€傚崟涓?address 鏄?/128锛堟墍鏈?bit 鍥哄畾锛夈€備竴涓?32-bit prefix 鍙兘鍐欐垚 2001:0DB8::/32銆? 鐢变簬 address space 鏋佸ぇ锛屽湪 IPv6 涓紝浣犲彲浠ユ妸 network ID 鍥哄畾涓?64 bits锛屾妸 host ID 涔熷浐瀹氫负 64 bits锛屽苟涓斾粛鐒舵案杩滀笉浼氱敤瀹?network ID 鎴?host ID銆備簨瀹炰笂锛屾湁涓€浜涚壒娈?protocol 鍏佽 network 鍜?host 閫夋嫨鑷繁鐨?64-bit network ID 鍜?host ID锛堝苟妫€鏌ユ病鏈夊埆浜烘鍦ㄤ娇鐢ㄥ畠锛夛紝鑰屼笉闇€瑕佹煇涓粍缁囧垎閰嶅叿浣?ID銆? 瀹炶返涓紝regional registry 閫氬父鎶?32-bit prefix 鍒嗛厤缁?ISP锛孖SP 閫氬父鎶?48-bit prefix 鍒嗛厤缁欑粍缁囥€傜劧鍚庯紝缁勭粐鍙互鎶?64-bit prefix 鍒嗛厤缁欐洿灏忕殑 sub-network銆傚湪 IPv6 涓紝鎴戜滑閫氬父涓嶄細鐪嬪埌闀夸簬 /64 鐨?prefix銆傚嵆浣挎槸缁勭粐鍐呴儴鏈€灏忕殑 sub-network锛屼篃鏈?64-bit prefix锛屽苟鐢?64 bits 涓哄叿浣?host 缂栧潃銆備娇鐢ㄨ繖浜涙爣鍑嗗寲 prefix size 鍙互璁?prefix 鎼哄甫鏇村淇℃伅銆備緥濡傦紝鍦?IPv4 涓紝寰堥毦鐪嬪嚭涓€涓?/19 prefix 琛ㄧず浠€涔堬紱浣嗗湪 IPv6 涓紝鎴戜滑鐭ラ亾 /32 prefix 閫氬父琛ㄧず涓€涓?ISP銆俆ODO double check this